The German banking system came under pressure during the financial crisis, not least due to its significant exposure to toxic assets which originated in the US. In the short run, the stability of the system has been achieved, in large part through substantial government support measures....

Past consolidation has allowed the automatic stabilisers to operate fully during the crisis. Further fiscal easing in late 2008 and early 2009 contributed to a markedly widening fiscal deficit in 2010. A newly enacted fiscal rule, which limits the structural budget deficit of the federal...

We aim to answer whether retail investors have a stabilizing effect on stock prices during times of financial markets turmoil. To achieve this, we examine the liquidity and crash risk of stocks that are likely held by Robinhood traders (i.e., our proxy for retail investors) using the COVID-19...