We introduce external risks, in the form of shocks to the level and volatility of world interest rates, into a small … interest rates and a persistent rise in their volatility. We solve for the optimal policy and argue that the size of a tax on …. We show quantitatively that these taxes respond to both the level and volatility of interest rates even though optimal …

financial stringency from the harvest season, with the rest of the year during the period 1870-1925. Stock volatility in the … period (1870- May 1908). We also find that the volatility of the call loan rate declined nearly 70 percent in September and …

financial stringency from the harvest season, with the rest of the year during the period 1870-1925. Stock volatility in the … period (1870- May 1908). We also find that the volatility of the call loan rate declined nearly 70 percent in September and …