domains with macro-structural relevance (employment protection legislation, unemployment benefits, wage setting). Reforms tend … improved activity rates and lower unemployment. …

of 2009, including the unemployment, inflow, and outflow rates by workers of different educational attainment. We … the short term, but can cause a higher equilibrium unemployment rate in the long term. Employment subsidies succeed in … lowering the unemployment rate permanently, but the policy entails high fiscal costs. -- Employment ; unemployment ; hiring …