We study the effects of financial sanctions on cross-border credit supply. Using a differences-in-differences approach to analyze eleven sanctions episodes between 2002 and 2015, we find that banks located in Germany reduce their positions in countries with sanctioned entities by 38%. The...

We study the effects of financial sanctions on cross-border credit supply. Using a differences-in-differences approach to analyze eleven sanctions episodes between 2002 and 2015, we find that banks located in Germany reduce their positions in countries with sanctioned entities by 38%. The...

The quite recent (2007-2009) global financial crisis (GFC), which was caused by a mix of business, regulatory, supervisory, and macroeconomic (in terms of sub-optimal fiscal and/or monetary policies) failures, had a negative impact both on the financial system – with the failure, through the...

Today international society faces a challenge in addressing the global financial crises. Despites never-ending debating on the key causes of financial crises, it seems quite certain that there do exist a great deal of "uncertainty" in global financial market. Unlike risk, uncertainty cannot be...

Ten years after the global financial crisis (“GFC”) that started in 2007, the time has come to take stock of the international regulation of finance. This report assesses the causes and consequences of the GFC and the broader context of the changes in the international financial system since...