Digital currencies are unregulated and potentially have a destabilizing effect coupled with increased concerns over capital gains and losses in a high volatility environment. When added to a portfolio, this currency may have certain driving factors in terms of return and risks in the case of...

In this paper, I reflect on the implications of financial globalization for Islamic financial institutions in terms of coordinates selected from both history and theory. I present in outline the 18th century case for and against commerce, the 19th century case for and against a central...