We identify retail brokers that seemingly route orders to maximize order flow payments: selling market orders and sending limit orders to venues paying large liquidity rebates. Angel, Harris, and Spatt (2011) argue that this type of routing may not always be in customers' best interests. For...

In response to the sharp decline in prices of financial stocks in the fall of 2008, regulators in a number of countries banned short selling of particular stocks and industries. Evidence suggests that these bans did little to stop the slide in stock prices, but significantly increased costs of...

Short selling is risky. Borrowed shares may be recalled and the short seller may be forced to terminate a position early. The stock price may rise forcing the short seller to post additional collateral. Borrowing fees may be increased before the short position is closed. Utilization is the...