We argue that Islamic principles, in particular the avoidance of ribā and gharar should be applied with respect to real economic value rather than to monetary value in terms of conventional currency. In order to reconcile monetary value with economic value, we propose a reference currency...

This research proposes a serial of new mathematic and physics theoretical framework under a multidimensional focus. The main objective of this paper is to motivate scientists in various areas to use multidimensional coordinate spaces to complement the 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional coordinate...

Price dynamics of the asset depends on the collective action of buyers and sellers, including both institutional and private investors. A large number of diverse, sometimes contradictory, reasons can underlie the decisions of market participants. In certain periods, asset purchases can be a...