We argue that Islamic principles, in particular the avoidance of ribā and gharar should be applied with respect to real economic value rather than to monetary value in terms of conventional currency. In order to reconcile monetary value with economic value, we propose a reference currency...

We propose a class of new robust GMM tests for endogenous structural breaks. The tests are based on supremum and average statistics derived from robust GMM estimators with a bounded influence function. They imply a bounded linearized asymptotic bias of size and power under local model...