This 2008 Article IV Consultation highlights that over the last decade, Albania’s macroeconomic performance has generally been strong and per capita GDP in U.S. dollar terms more than doubled. Strong fiscal policy, largely based on major improvements in tax administration, lowered public debt...

Decline in public interest to "pure" economic theory is disturbing fact. This paper considers the main macroeconomic hypothesis through their implementation in practice - macroeconomic policies in the USA, in post-soviet countries (Russia and Georgia) and Turkey as well. Stabilization policy of...

This paper examines Sudan’s 2005 Article IV Consultation and the Final Review of the 2004 and 2005 Staff-Monitored Program (SMP). Between 2001 and 2004, the economy of Sudan grew at an average rate of 6.4 percent per year, and the non-oil sector expanded at an annual rate of 5.3 percent. The...

This paper focuses on the 2012 Article IV Consultation and Second Post-Program Monitoring Discussions with Belarus. Since mid-2011, the authorities have been implementing stabilization measures. The financial system has weathered the 2011 crisis, and banks’ capital has been replenished with...

The Irish authorities are adopting consolidation measures to meet the original fiscal targets as well as implementing structural reforms in the labor market and sheltered sectors to enhance competitiveness. Strengthened euro area support for Ireland’s growth and debt sustainability would...

Hungary was severely affected by the crisis. The financial sector has remained resilient throughout the crisis. The Central Bank (MNB) paused in mid-2010 and has tightened interest rates by 50 basis points since November in response to a sharp rise in risk premia and higher headline inflation...

Indonesia’s Fourth Post-Program Monitoring discussions highlight that short-term macroeconomic indicators and near-term prospects have deteriorated. Financial sector vulnerabilities have increased in the face of rising interest rates and a slowing economy, but the overall banking sector...

The Irish authorities steadfastly maintained strong policy implementation despite a sharp escalation and expansion of stress in euro area sovereign bond markets. Strengthened European support is welcome, but early implementation is key, and restoring broader stability in the euro area is...