Corporate liability was introduced into Finnish penal law as part of the total reform of the penal code in 1995. The rules concerning corporate sanctions are included in the Finnish Penal Code (Chapter 9). In Finland, all criminal sanctions are regulated by criminal law, i.e. there is no...

The prison systems in Scandinavian countries have become regarded by many as some of the best in the world, with low incarceration and recidivism rates. Conversely, riots, overcrowding, inadequate staffing numbers, and high recidivism rates surround the prison system in England and Wales; such...

In this paper, we study how high school students reacted to the shocking news of a school shooting. The shooting coincided with national high-school matriculation exams. As there were exams both before and after the shooting, we can perform a difference-in-differences analysis to uncover how the...

In this paper, we study how high school students reacted to the shocking news of a school shooting. The shooting coincided with national high-school matriculation exams. As there were exams both before and after the shooting, we can use a difference-in-differences analysis to uncover how the...