Individual unemployment spells are frequently interrupted by short casual employment, by participation in active labour … market policy (ALMP) measures or by periods outside the labour force. Such episodes end unemployment spells but afterwards … problem of being without a "real" job in the longer run. To better grasp this problem of repeated unemployment we analyse …

Finland’s population is aging rapidly by international comparison. The shrinking working-age population means that the … finances, but high overall unemployment and a large share of the long-term unemployed are serious concerns. …