Local governments in Japan account for about 80 per cent of general government spending when excluding social security … Germany. We show that in Japan this was not the case and that so far local governments do participate in the stabilisation …

Innovation is key to boosting economic growth in the face of a rapidly ageing population. While Japan spends heavily on …

With gross government debt of 226% of GDP, Japan’s fiscal situation is in uncharted territory and puts the economy at … risk. Japan needs a detailed and credible fiscal consolidation plan, including specific revenue increases and measures to …