The effects of bed-load movement on mean flow characteristics were experimentally investigated using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The gravel beds associated with open-channel flow are hydraulically rough, and two types of grain with different median diameters were used. The flow field and...

Constructal theory is invoked to optimize a dendritic path flow structure for minimizing overall flow and thermal resistances. Convective cooling of a ring-shaped body is the aim of this investigation. The construct of flow paths is Y-tree shaped; while the body has heat generation over the area,...

This paper aims to contribute to the ongoing research on tree-shaped flow structures. Here, we focuses on porous-walled tree-shaped networks, namely the laminar fluid flow. Analytical models are developed for pressure distribution along the porous tree-network and for the hydraulic resistance...