This paper looks at the effects on trading partners that are included and not included in a Regional Free Trade Agreement (RFTA). Using the system GMM methodology, we consider six control variables to determine whether the volatility is more pronounced in non-RFTA countries (Type 1) or countries...

Regional and bilateral liquidity arrangements have gained increasing prominence over the past decades, not least during the recent global financial crisis. This has important consequences for the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as a crisis lender and raises questions regarding the...

Generally, trade policies exclude provision for predictability and accountability as transparency measures and facilitates trade consensus that enhance market access, reduce trading costs, and promote cooperation. In analyzing the trajectories on transparency, free trade agreement (FTA), and...