This paper tests for the existence and direction of causality between electricity consumption and real gross domestic product for Greece. The study examines a trivariate system with capital formation for the period 1980-2010. Robust empirical results indicate that all variables are integrated of...

As economic growth and energy consumption are strongly correlated, this research proposes a novel set of energy consumption indices (ECI) that leverages the mixing-frequency method to predict GDP growth rates. The findings demonstrate that the newly developed indices have strong predictive...