Introduction: Common approaches in cost-effectiveness analyses do not adjust for confounders. In nonrandomized studies this can result in biased results. Parametric models such as regression models are commonly applied to adjust for confounding, but there are several issues which need to be...

New product forecasting often focuses only on the new product itself, neglecting the fact that older technologies remain on the market to provide competition. Multi-generation innovation diffusion models are available, but have only rarely been tested on actual data. Furthermore, although causal...

There is an increasing risk of outbreaks escalating into epidemics, despite huge advances in medical science. Epidemics like COVID-19, Monkeypox, Influenza and HIV have been affecting people and public health infrastructure at an alarming rate around the world. COVID-19 alone has infected more...