An outlier is a datum that is far from other data points in which it occurs. It can have a considerable impact on the output. Therefore, removing or resolving it before the analysis is essential to prevent skewing. Outliers in a survey sampling can have a significant outcome on statistical...

This study attempts to accelerate the learning ability of an artifcial electric feld algorithm (AEFA) by attributing it with two mechanisms: elitism and oppositionbased learning. Elitism advances the convergence of the AEFA towards global optima by retaining the fne-tuned solutions obtained thus...