We contend that corruption must be detected as soon as possible so that corrective and preventive measures may be taken … public corruption based on economic and political factors. Unlike previous research, which is based on the perception of … corruption, we use data on actual cases of corruption. We apply the model to Spanish provinces in which actual cases of …

and different definitions of what a cost is. To clarify this situation, this paper proposes a definition of the cost of a …

and different definitions of what a cost is. To clarify this situation, this paper proposes a definition of the cost of a …

and different definitions of what a cost is. To clarify this situation, this paper proposes a definition of the cost of a …

results of such tests. In some cases, with appropriate knowledge of the corruption mechanism, the true values of the …