This paper studies how WTO rules and flexibilities shape its members' trade policy responses to import shocks. Guided …-2011 period, we show that WTO commitments affect members' trade policy. More stringent bindings reduce the likelihood of … overall trade policy uncertainty. In a counterfactual scenario where WTO members can arbitrarily increase tariffs they are 4 …

The Brazil-Taxation dispute concerns the complaints taken to the World Trade Organisation by the European Union and … can be exempted from complying with National Treatment rules under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the …

Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), it derives insights from a large number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) that embody … substantive provisions on both government procurement and services trade. An important finding is that, from an economic … perspective, general market access commitments with respect to services trade and commitments regarding government procurement of …

retaliation hurt Trump. In particular, the pro-Trump effects of US trade war tariffs were crucial for Trump crossing the recount …The trade war initiated by the Trump administration is the largest since the US imposed the Smoot-Hawley tariffs in the … 1930s and was still raging when he left office. We analyze how the trade war impacted the 2020 US Presidential election …

compound the effects of restrictive trade policies. This paper explores the issue of transparency with respect to the use of … available. After explaining how transparency is operationalised in the conduct of trade policy and what its benefits are for … restrictions, the paper reviews applicable rules and commitments elaborated in GATT/WTO, regional trade agreements and other …

practices found in WTO and regional trade agreements and good governance guidelines. Additionally, feedback was sought through a …

The water in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) refers to the difference between the bound level of … trade restrictiveness permitted by the GATS and the actual trade regime. Using the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index … distribution services that are also characterised by a more liberal trade regime. Generally speaking, current services trade …

This study covers the history of Sino-US trade relations with a particular focus on the past decade, during which time … each has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Providing a brief history of 19th and 20th century economic … relations, this paper examines in detail the trade disputes that have arisen between China and the United States over the past …

The conclusion of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) constitutes a priority and key component of … the external trade policy of the European Union (EU). It is also an immediate follow-up to several years of regulatory … cooperation between the two global trade powers. In an era of megaregionals, services is the only area where significant …