commitments under trade agreements (multilateral and regional agreements) and applied tariffs- what is also known as tariffs … equivalent to a level of tariffs between 1.7 and 8.7 percentage points. …

in which traders operate.Binding tariffs at the WTO reduces the scope for their discretionary use. But, countries have … bound tariffs at ceiling levels often substantially above the level of applied tariffs. Therefore, whether the ceiling rate …. Using a recently built database on applied tariffs covering over 100 countries for the period 1996 to 2009, we find evidence …

in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

model of varying cooperative tariffs by Bagwell and Staiger (1990) to specify our empirical model for the probability of a … WTO bound tariffs that we built for all WTO Members from 1996 to 2011 at the HS 6-digit level of disaggregation. Our …

model of varying cooperative tariffs by Bagwell and Staiger (1990) to specify our empirical model for the probability of a … WTO bound tariffs that we built for all WTO Members from 1996 to 2011 at the HS 6-digit level of disaggregation. Our …