While FDI is generally assumed to represent long-term investments within the “real” economy, approximately 30-50% of global FDI is accounted for by networks of offshore shell companies created by corporations and wealthy individuals for tax and other purposes. To date, there has been limited...

This paper will examine the adverse effects of trade and investment barriers on solar and wind GVCs. It will explore and recommend further research on alternative measures to encourage trade and investment and help domestic producers in solar and wind