-market participation having generally larger positive effects on productivity and negative effects on unit labor costs. All four channels …, the marginal productivity gains of foreign-ownership are greatly reduced when the firm is already an exporter. Breaking …

productivity, financial constraints and labor market constraints might constitute barriers to entry into foreign markets. We … size and productivity on firms’ international activities. Second, small firms suffer more frequently from financial … ; productivity ; financial constraints ; labor market constraints …

for plant size and productivity, we find that foreign plants are significantly more likely to close than comparable …