) labour, environmental, human rights and anti-corruption considerations are referred to in investment treaties and investor …

alleges that the investment was tainted by corruption or other similar serious illegality. By way of background, Japan emerged … significant growth since the late 1990s. This is despite Japan having comparatively very little corruption, which is often … compensation for expropriation. Japan’s investment treaty practice on corruption and illegality is comparatively interesting for …

The present paper argues that the effect of corruption on foreign ownership is not necessarily linear and depends on … the level of host corruption. So long as the expected returns from foreign investments exceed its expected costs, higher … host corruption will be associated with higher foreign ownership. However, costs may exceed or exactly compensate the …