Corporate law in advanced domestic legal systems on the one hand, and typical treaties for the protection of foreign investment on the other hand, treat claims for damages by company shareholders differently. Advanced domestic systems generally bar shareholders from claiming for reflective loss...

Claims by company shareholders seeking damages from governments for so-called "reflective loss" now make up a substantial part of the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) caseload. (Shareholders’ reflective loss is incurred as a result of injury to “their” company, typically a loss in...

The focus of this paper is to systematically analyze the legal standing of shareholders before arbitral tribunals under modern investment treaties. We will examine the legal standing of different categories of shareholders, including “minority” and “indirect” shareholders, as well as the...

The paper deals with the issues of attracting investments into venture capital and private equity funds in Latvia. The aim of the research is to assess changes in the venture capital and private equity industry and evaluate its condition in the post-crisis period. The period of analysis is the...

Under the current legal system, shareholders are not fully protected from the abuse of power by management. Outside auditors are not free from the interference of management, and outside directors are also occasionally influenced by management. In this regard, retail shareholders have limited...