This article considers issues arising from ‘system-internal' reform proposals — proposals which aim to (partly) address investment law's legitimacy crisis by influencing changes in arbitral reasoning so that investment arbitration is undertaken in more acceptable ways. The key techniques for...

A new indicator of profitableness (DIRR) of the investor and recipient of the investment project is proposed, which is a generalization and development of the concept of internal rate of return (IRR). It is formed in the form of the sum of the cost of the participant's capital and the project's...

Recent heterogeneous-firm models of international trade suggest that productivity determines whether firms engage in export and foreign direct investment. However in practice, m Abstract any productive firms are not internationalized, whereas many unproductive firms are. This situation suggests...