The chapter comprehends the issue of protecting security interests in international investment law by dividing the discussion in two parts. First, it examines the issue of protecting security interests in those BITs that specifically allow the host state to deviate from its treaty obligations in...

In this paper, the author argues that compulsory licenses might potentially amount to indirect expropriation provided that their effects constitute a severe curtailment of the patent rights. Inasmuch as the expropriation standards in BIAs differ from those articulated under the TRIPS Agreement,...