Knowledge flows within and across countries should be carriers of important learning spillovers. We use data on 1.5 million patents and 4.5 million citations to analyze knowledge flows across 147 subnational regions. We estimate that only 15% of average knowledge is learned outside the average...

It is obvious that the German economy exhibits a significant decline in economic growth during the last two decades. Although the German economy has still to overcome the burden of the reunification in 1990 it is shown that this burden might be only one reason of this decline. In this study we...

In der Forschung und der technologischen Entwicklung fällt die Europäische Union immer weiter gegen ihre Hauptkonkurrenten USA und Japan zurück. Hauptgrund sind nach Angaben der Europäischen Kommission zu niedrige Forschungsaufwendungen der Unternehmen. Die zur Behebung dieses Defizits von...