The patent system gives the courts discretion to tailor patentability standards flexibly across technologies to provide … practical, non-research-based use at the time patent protection is sought. The fear is that an early-stage patent on a research … innovation. Yet, denying patents on research inputs can frustrate patent law’s broad goal to protect and promote advances in …

innovation policy---top-down vs. bottom-up priority setting, concentrated vs. distributed funding, patent policy, and managing …