In 2017, the federal government invested over $40 billion on university research; another $16 billion came from private … scientists in finding other sources of funding. Understanding the effect of such different funding streams on research outputs is … structure of research and in terms of research outputs. For example, federal funding is often intended to affect the structure …

We study the relationships between corporate R&D and three components of public science: knowledge, human capital, and … established firms, which account for more than three-quarters of business R&D, is affected by scientific knowledge produced by … innovation in firms. However, inventions from universities and public research institutes substitute for corporate inventions and …