decade, we have further developed a Triple Helix indicator of synergy as reduction of uncertainty in niches that can be … (i) co-author networks of academic, industrial, and governmental authors and (ii) synergies in the distributions of firms …. Too much synergy locally can also be considered as lock-in. Tendencies are different for the globalizing knowledge …

" innovation system. More than two-thirds of innovation-system synergy is generated at the lower levels of districts (NUTS3) and … an evidence base for innovation-policy strategies. We aim to answer the question which level of government (local …, regional, national) might be most effective for strategic innovation policy-making based on smart specialization in Germany …

in research and innovation. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the motivations and challenges …

, teaching, research, and innovation. Universities and Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in the last two decades have come … to occupy an important part in the national innovation systems (NIS), which is a complex of ´all important economic … agencies, public policies (on industry, research, innovation and higher education, etc.) and business enterprises are now …