deindustrialization, revealing its layered impacts and examining how workers, environmentalists, activists, and the state have responded …

We investigate the employment consequences of deindustrialization for 1,993 cities in France, Germany, Great Britain … number of cities was able to adapt to the negative shock caused by deindustrialization. The U.S. has the lowest share … then seek to understand why some former manufacturing hubs recovered while others didn't. We find that deindustrialization …