.4 at the euro area level. Energy price inflation is lower in France partly because the economy is less reliant on gas than … other euro area economies, but even more due to significant fiscal measures. The "tariff shield" on gas and electricity … in energy prices: energy prices contributed to raise annual inflation by 1.9 percentage points in France as compared to 4 …

.4 at the euro area level. Energy price inflation is lower in France partly because the economy is less reliant on gas than … other euro area economies, but even more due to significant fiscal measures. The "tariff shield" on gas and electricity … in energy prices: energy prices contributed to raise annual inflation by 1.9 percentage points in France as compared to 4 …

: the Case of Le Gaz Journal, 1857-1880 -- Part 2: the Turning Point: Competition Between Gas and Electricity at the Turn of … the 19th Century -- Chapter 8. Gas Versus Electricity in Paris and Rome From the 1880s to the 1910s -- Chapter 9. The Gas … 19th century to consolidate its position in the energy market. It traces the history of gas energy use in a European …

multiple channels to energy shocks, even though electricity and gas bills represent a very small share of their total costs … most energy intensive firms. We also find that the impact of electricity shocks has weakened over time, suggesting that … electricity and gas price increases, firms are less able to reduce their consumption. These results shed light on the mechanisms …

The liberalization of electricity and gas markets clashes against the French economic culture that relies on the state … is likely to increase the complexity of technical, institutional, financial and organizational solutions of the energy …