the incidence and magnitude of detriment at EU and national level, taking into account both pre- and post … loans, credit and credit cards) and four countries (France, Italy, Poland and the UK). Results were extrapolated to the EU28 … and monetised time loss of between EUR 10.7 billion and EUR 25.0 billion over the last 12 months in the EU28. …

seekers’ access to EU territory has increasingly come into focus. Disorderly movement is presently the main avenue to safety … in the EU, and human smugglers act as important facilitators. Single European states have sought ways out of this dilemma …