The university career systems of five hegemonic European and American countries are ideal-typically described, contrasted and visualized using official academic staff statistics – the German habilitation-model, the French habilitation-and-tenure model, the British tenure-model, the tenure...

Since the Great Financial Crisis (2007–08) many countries have explored how education systems can better prepare students for their working lives in order to reduce youth unemployment and enhance educational engagement and achievement. This paper focuses on Career Pathways, learning programmes...