The heart of the matter -- The evolution of the French medicine -- Coping with physicians' conflicts of interest in France -- The rise of a protected medical market : the United States before 1950 -- The commercial transformation : the United States, 1950-1980 -- The logic of medical markets :...

This article compares the means that the United States, France and Japan use to oversee pharmaceutical industry-physician financial relationships. These countries rely on professional and/ or industry ethical codes, anti-kickback laws, and fair trade practice laws. They restrict kickbacks the...

As U.S. policymakers consider strategies to control pharmaceutical spending they can learn from France, which has stopped drug spending growth without slowing access to innovative medicines. France determines the comparative therapeutic value of new drugs. Insurance pays more for drugs superior...

As most Americans know, conflicts of interest riddle the US health care system. They result from physicians practicing medicine as entrepreneurs, from physicians' ties to pharma, and from investor-owned firms and insurers' influence over physicians' medical choices. These conflicts raise...