This study analyses the stringency of EU environmental regulations. Contrary to the proposition of an economic -trading up- of standards, the positive theory of environmental federalism which is developed allows for an examination of political mechanisms and the effects of regulation. Empirical...

One priority of European transport policy is to develop combined transport, a mode that is seen as providing a solution to the problem of road congestion while at the same time protecting the environment. Such transport is not developing as swiftly as might be hoped, however, and obstacles are...