14th- and 15th- century Flanders and England, and in particular Flemish data on minting gold nobles that were coined as … European principalities, and thus their relative price movements. Furthermore, were the marcs de Troyes used in both France and … or coin dies for the medieval Low Countries, and none in France dated before 1483; and surviving coins do not provide …

We explore the relationship between voting rights and taxation in medieval England and France. We hypothesize that … tax payments were tightly linked, was used to finance new, large-scale collective projects in both England and France …. Strong rule-of-law institutions are necessary to produce such taxes. In England, where security of rule remained high, the …