to Brazil, China, Japan, and the U.S.. The period under study is 1980 to 2001 and we distinguish in our analysis between …

the US, Japan and the major European countries in order to estimate the effect of energy prices on energy … significantly positively correlated with innovation in both Japan and the EU. A tentative interpretation might be that a rise in …. Furthermore, the tax ratio, which has consistently risen in Japan and especially the EU, could be seen as an indicator for …