The growing economic literature dedicated to payment instruments mainly focus on payments at point of sale. Yet, credit transfers and direct debits used in bill payments are much more used in the Euro area than checks, payments cards and other payment instruments. The main objective of this...

Despite the well-known difficulties to measure national euro circulations within the euro area, several methods have been used to estimate the national demand for euro banknotes in France, such as key-based calculations (ECB capital), approaches using average return time of banknotes or...