This work aims at estimating the gender pay gap within the French ministries. For a long time people considered that, because of the sophisticated organization of the French public service, its mode of recruiting and promoting (through competitive exams and precise career ladder) and its way of...

French youth suffer from a high level of unemployment. This article evaluates how different social and individual characteristics influence job access channels.We distinguish between school and social networks and show that workers use networks differently depending on their characteristics....