Counterparty risk in the form of investment fraud damages a retiree’s nest egg. Does fraud negatively impact portfolios that are both stock and bond-heavy equally? This study uses Monte Carlo analysis within the Trinity Study framework to determine the average reduction in portfolio success of...

Investment fraud constitutes a major problem in the United States. While several studies have investigated various aspects of fraud, none have analyzed victim characteristics of investment fraud. This study posits five fraud languages that, when used by fraudsters, shut down the perceived need...