literacy, and urbanization. We find that public expenditure on health care reduces IMR. Our baseline specification shows that … about 8 infant deaths per 1000 live births. We also find that female literacy and urbanization reduces the IMR. …

The paper examines the short-term implications of urbanization on women empowerment in India. In theory, urbanization … urbanization that India is currently experiencing, the importance of these findings cannot be overemphasized. They suggest that … while urbanization could go a long way toward economically empowering women in India, the government also needs to devise …

Young women outnumber young men in cities in many countries during periods of economic growth and urbanization. This … cities when urbanization creates more economic opportunities and an abundance of high-income marriage-age men. …