Women are less willing than men to compete against others. This gender gap can partially explain the differences … striving towards gender equality, this opens up new possibilities for institutionalizing competitive pressure. …

employees. They might be more aware of the societal debate about gender discrimination and "aim higher" in setting their …This paper examines gender differences in perceptions of the fairness of one's own pay. Theoretically, we draw on two … paradox"), and on perceived discrimination among ethnic minorities ("integration paradox"). Empirically, we depart from …

-based discrimination in federally funded educational programs. The data paint a picture of considerable progress but also persistent … inequities. We then go on to consider possible explanations for the continuing gender differences and some of the empirical …