How to protect "captive shippers" from monopolistic abuses by a railway? In an "open access" system, it's straightforward: provide infrastructure access to a competing train operating company. In a system without open access - as in, for example, the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Brazil -...

The purpose of this paper is to present a model for maximizing a retailer's total expected profit using actual motor carrier freight rates and estimates of environmental costs associated with the transportation of a seasonal product. It is assumed that a single seasonal product is sold at a...