This paper examines the effect of cross-border lobbying on domestic lobbying and on external tariffs in both Customs Union (CU) and Free Trade Area (FTA). We do so by developing a two-stage game which endogenizes the tariff formation function in a political economic model of the directly...

When trade policy is endogenously determined by lobbying, it matters whether countries are arranged into a customs union or a free trade area. This paper compares the two regimes when the member governments are asymmetric in their susceptibilities to lobbying and in their bargaining power within...

This study finds that NAFTA has increased U.S. merchandise exports to Mexico and Canada by just over 15 percent, and has increased total U.S. merchandise exports by nearly 8 percent. We also find that although many states have seen large increases in exports to both Mexico and Canada, others...