There are situations in which dispersed creditors (e.g., public creditors) have more difficulties and higher costs when collecting their claims in financial distress than concentrated creditors (e.g., banks). Under this assumption, our model predicts that measures of debt concentration relate...

In this paper we study how the introduction of the euro has affected corporate financing in Europe. We use firm-level data from eleven euro area countries as well as from a control group of five other European countries spanning the years 1991–2006. We show that firms from euro area countries...

We study the financing policies of European public corporations prior to the euro crisis. Using data from eleven euro countries and a control group of five other European countries over 1991-2006, we show that non-financial firms from euro countries with previously weak currencies considerably...