The effects of the three-point rule in first league German soccer are tested empirically and compared to games from the German cup-competition. The inclusion of cup games ensures that changes in league games can be attributed to the three-point rule. As a result of their relative devaluation,...

Im Mai 2008 verabschiedete der Fußball-Weltverband (FIFA) eine Resolution zur sogenann-ten 6+5-Regel. Nach dieser Regel muss die Anzahl einheimischer Spieler in der Startforma-tion von Vereinsmannschaften im Profifußball stufenweise aufgestockt werden. Über die Reglementierung des Einsatzes...

We examine the value of sporting success of the 2014 Football World Cup in Brazil by using a method that allows measuring non-market goods, the contingent valuation method (CVM). Besides the value of sporting success in form of the willingness-to-pay (WTP), we determine what influences the WTP...

We analyse changes in the National Football League (NFL) due to ghost games in 2020. The home bias disappears as expected. However, referee decisions do not seem to be relevant for this. There are also no significant results for semi-ghost games with a reduced number of spectators.

We analyse whether the creation of the eurozone and the euro crisis had an effect on the sportive performance of professional football teams in European nations. We find a significantly positive sign of membership in the eurozone on UEFA points. However, this positive finding is not robust over...

Possible effects of the introduction of the three-point rule in 1995 are tested by using data from amateur football leagues in Germany, concretely in Westphalia. There are as expected signifi-cantly less draws and more goals since the rule change. For even amateurs follow incentives.

Es gibt große Unterschiede in der Bezahlung von professionellen Fußballerinnen und Fußballern. Während die Sportmedien regelmäßig über hohe Einnahmen männlicher Fußballer berichten, wird die Vergütung von Fußballerinnen nur selten öffentlich thematisiert. Nur wenige professionelle...

Because of the COVID-19-pandemic the men's first German football league (Bundesliga) had to finish the season 2019/20 with ghost games as spectators were not allowed in the stadiums. Comparing these games with the regular ones between the same teams before, we find that the normal advantage for...

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to massive restrictions and changes in many areas of life, including professional sports. In football, many games were cancelled and then five instead of three substitutions were allowed with the unchanged maximum of three time-outs. This initially temporary, but...