This paper proposes a new model of imperfect competition of ad-sponsored media, which can sell "free" products, for a merger analysis applicable to the mobile app industry. To analyze developers’ monetizing with both price and advertising in an app, we consider a consumer who faces both budget...

Evaluating network effects and two-sidedness is critical for merger control in the digital economy.To examine the impact of network effects on the welfare properties of mergers, this study analyzes a model of multiproduct-firm oligopoly with firm-level direct and indirect network externalities...

Consumer multi-homing is considered to be critical for competition policy regarding digital platforms. To assess the role of consumer multi-homing in competition policy toward platforms, we develop a new framework that embeds consumer multi-homing in two-sided market into the otherwise standard...