For more than a thousand years, just war theorists accepted that wars could be launched to punish or avenge wrongdoing, the war itself being an instrument of retribution. Today, this punishment theory of just cause has completely disappeared from international law, which recognizes only...

The present study explores the complex system of international relations in the promotion of international cooperation when addressing environmental problems. The global environmental challenges call for the immediate action of the international actors. The evolution of environmental diplomacy...

Since the launch of negotiations in 2012, China has been the leading force behind the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which is essentially a free trade agreement (FTA) between the ten members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the six countries with...

This chapter presents the theory of international environmental agreements (IEAs). It explains what treaties do (or should do); when and why they succeed or fail; and whether they can be designed better. It focuses on the main questions that the literature on this topic has tried to answer,...

The paper analyzes the effects of different litigation cost allocation rules, detection skill of judges (judicial errors), and the mode of enforcement of foreign judgments on the home bias in trade and sheds a new light on the so-called border-effect puzzle. In our model the border effect or...

The OECD’s Pillar One Blueprint proposes a new taxing right, Amount A, that would shift the pre-tax profits of multinational enterprises (MNEs) from Residence and Source jurisdictions to Market jurisdictions. The Amount A formula provides multiple opportunities for both MNEs and tax...

Problems which can only be resolved through international cooperation are increasing. Due to this increase, states cooperate more than ever with each other and with international organizations (IOs) but often insufficiently to solve the problems. When social scientists analyze the potential for...

Economics is not only a subject matter but also a specific methodological approach. Economic analysis in International Economic Law is therefore not confined to economic matters but can be extended to virtually all issues by drawing on the economic approach. It can be used both to explain the...