Today all countries have fiat money issued by a central bank. There is no obligation by a central bank to exchange its … money for gold or any other good. Central banks have the monopoly to issue central bank money and have the power to create … their money out of nothing. Creating such a monetary system is functional for a capitalist economy and must be regarded as a …

. This implicates a vision or, in the ideal case, a formalized theory of the money economy's possible end states. This theory …

Money has been a part of human history for almost 3,000 years. Despite this, there is still no universal understanding … of the ontological nature of money. In this paper, a new approach to the understanding of non-commodity money is proposed …. Proceeding from the premise that money is a purely social phenomenon, which exists in human minds rather than in the material …

numerically for a balanced growth representation of the economy of the empire, a solution that captures the intricacies of money …

inefficient: Due to information asymmetry, money-users would be chronically victimized by low-quality or underweight coins. An … intent, such mints did not last long. Informed by newspapers about the findings of assays, money-users quickly and …

shortages of small change and argued that an abundance/dearth of money had real effects on exchange. To confront these facts, we …

Debates about the nature and economic role of money are mostly informed by evidence from the 20th century, but money … current topics of policy relevance. The past acts as a source of evidence on how money works across different situations …, helping to tease out features of money that do not depend on one time and place. A close reading of history also offers …